OPC UA Applications typically have ApplicationInstanceCertificates to provide application-level security. They are used for establishing a secure connection using Asymmetric Cryptography. These ApplicationInstanceCertificates are Certificates which are X.509 v3 Certificates and contain a list of data items that are defined in OPC 10000-4 and completely described in OPC 10000-6. These data items describe the ApplicationInstance that the Certificate is assigned to.

The Certificates include a Digital Signature by the generator of the Certificate. This Digital Signature can be self-signed (the signature is generated by the Private Key associated with X.509 v3 Certificate that is the ApplicationInstanceCertificate) or can be signed by a Certificate Authority (The signature is generated by the Private Key associated the X.509 v3 Certificate of the CA). Both types of Certificates provide the same level of security and can be used in Asymmetric Cryptography. The Signatures can be generated using a variety of algorithms, where the algorithms provide different levels of security (128 bit, 256 bit, 512 bit ...). The algorithm that is required for signing a certificate is specified as part of the Security Policy. Servers and Clients should be able to support more than one certificate since more than one certificate could be required depending on the Security Profiles that are being supported.

Asymmetric Cryptography makes use of two keys – a Private Key and a Public Key. An OPC UA Application will have a list of trusted Public Keys that represent the applications it trusts. The Private Key and the list of trusted Public Keys are stored either in the Windows Registry or a file folder ideally secured using a secure element (e.g. TPM). The OPC UA Application can use a Public Key, from its list, to validate that the signature on a received connection request was generated by the corresponding Private Key. An application can also use the Public Key of the target application to encrypt data, which can only be decrypted using the Private Key of the target application.